Gas, hot tears, cold shuts, shrinkage cracks, and sand inclusions are defects from which process?

The correct answer is associated with defects commonly encountered in the casting process. Casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold where it solidifies into the desired shape. During this solidification process, various defects can arise due to the nature of how metal cools and solidifies.

Gas defects occur when gases trapped in the metal form bubbles. Hot tears can result from uneven cooling and contraction of the metal, leading to cracks. Cold shuts originate from incomplete fusion of the metal as it flows into the mold, creating weak spots. Shrinkage cracks are formed when the metal shrinks during cooling and doesn't have enough flexibility to accommodate this change. Sand inclusions occur when sand from the mold mixes into the molten metal, resulting in contaminants and structural weaknesses.

These defects are characteristic of the casting process, which inherently deals with the transition from liquid to solid and the challenges that arise during this phase. Other processes like welding, forging, and machining do not typically produce these specific types of defects, because they involve different mechanisms of material manipulation and solidification.